Embarking on the journey of starting a business is indeed an exhilarating experience, brimming with boundless opportunities, inevitable challenges, and immense potential for personal growth. It's a venture that tests your mettle, pushes your boundaries, and ultimately shapes you as an individual. However, when this already complex journey intertwines with another significant life change such as moving to a new house - especially when your current space cannot accommodate both your living and business needs - it can transform into an overwhelming endeavor. In this article, shared below by LAMarket.net, we will provide some practical tips to help you manage this transition smoothly and effectively, ensuring you strike the right balance between your new business and your new home.
Starting a business while moving to a new house can be a challenging endeavor. However, with careful planning, organization, and attention to detail, you can make the transition smoother and more manageable. Keep these tips in mind as you embark on this exciting journey, and remember, every challenge is an opportunity for growth and learning. Good luck!
If you’re looking for a home in Los Angeles, start your search at LAMarket.net.
Prepared by: Sharon Wagner
For adults planning to return to college, financing their education can prove to be a challenge. This is represented in research published by US News, which states that the average cost of tuition for attending a private college is $39,723 and a public out-of-state college is $22,953. While applying for financial aid and scholarships are good options, flipping houses can serve as an unconventional yet effective solution to cover the cost of tuition and other expenses. In this article by Torabi, we’ll explore how adult students can utilize house flipping to put themselves through college in 2023.
When it comes to determining if the property is right for home-flipping here are three key considerations to keep in mind:
● Conduct Market Research: Shortlist a couple of locations and conduct thorough research regarding property values, housing demand, ongoing and future development projects, and potential resale prices.
● Renovation Costs: While touring properties, whether in-person or virtually, shortlist the types of renovations it needs and calculate how much it’ll cost. The best renovations are those that don’t require deep pockets but provide a high ROI.
● Real Estate Trends: Compare similar properties in the area that have recently sold to assess how much you’ll be able to sell your property for shortly. Additionally, read real estate reports to gauge how the market is going to be in the following 12-24 months.
Consider purchasing a corded vacuum cleaner as it is cost-effective and helps to clean all corners of the home, especially hard-to-reach areas such as the space underneath beds, cupboards, and more. Additionally, these vacuums are lightweight and easily transportable.
One of the best upgrades to consider is adding a range hood which helps to vent grease, odors, and other unwanted substances out of your home. Additionally, it improves indoor air quality and provides an ROI between 7-10%, according to Kallista.
● Add New Bedding: Refresh your bedroom by investing in a stylish new duvet, with unique patterns designed by independent artists. Not only is a duvet a great decorative piece, but it provides the highest level of comfort possible while sleeping. ● Add a Fresh Coat of Paint: This is one of the best ways to instantly give your room a new look without causing a strain on your wallet. Consider adding an accent wall to all bedrooms, as it’ll make the room pop from the rest and surely woo buyers.
With careful planning and attention to detail, flipping houses serve as a secondary source of income to put yourself through college. In addition to market research, remember to invest time and effort towards cleaning your property, upgrading your kitchen, and staging your bedrooms before inviting buyers to view your home.
Prepared by: Danny Knight
Russia-Ukraine war: Drone attack brings Putin's war home to a shaken Moscow A drone attack on a fuel depot in the Russian city of Belgorod has raised tensions in the ongoing war in Ukraine. The attack, which was claimed by Ukrainian forces, is the first time that Russia has been directly targeted by the conflict. The attack has also led to fears that the war could escalate, as Russia has vowed to respond to any further attacks.
US House votes to advance debt ceiling bill The US House of Representatives has voted to advance a bill that would raise the country's debt ceiling. The vote was a major victory for President Biden, who had been urging Congress to act to avoid a default on the national debt. The bill now moves to the Senate, where it is expected to face a tougher fight.
Nun whose body shows little decay since 2019 death draws hundreds to rural Missouri A nun whose body has shown little decay since her death in 2019 has drawn hundreds of people to her rural Missouri gravesite. The nun, Sister Helen Prejean, was a well-known advocate for the death penalty and was the subject of the award-winning film "Dead Man Walking." Her body was exhumed in 2022 for an autopsy, but the results have not been released.
LGBTQ flag burned at California elementary school ahead of Pride event A LGBTQ flag was burned at a California elementary school ahead of Pride month. The flag was found burned on the school's playground on the morning of May 17, which is the start of Pride month. The school district has condemned the act of vandalism and is offering a reward for information leading to the arrest of the person or people responsible.
Once upon a time in Los Angeles, there was a young couple named Max and Emily who were in search of their dream home. They had been searching for months, but everything they found was either too small or too expensive.
One day, while scrolling through a real estate website, they stumbled upon a beautiful listing in a prime location. The house had everything they were looking for, from a spacious backyard to a modern kitchen with all the latest appliances.
They immediately contacted their real estate agent, who arranged for them to visit the property. As soon as they stepped inside, Max and Emily knew that this was the one. They could already picture themselves cooking in the kitchen, hosting friends in the backyard, and waking up to the beautiful view from the master bedroom.
The real estate agent explained that this house was a rare gem in the Los Angeles market. It was located in a highly sought-after neighborhood, with easy access to some of the best schools, restaurants, and shops in the city.
Without hesitation, Max and Emily made an offer, and after a few negotiations, the deal was done. They had finally found their dream home in Los Angeles, and they were thrilled to start their new chapter there.
As they settled in, Max and Emily realized that they weren't just buying a house, they were buying a lifestyle. They were now part of a vibrant community that was constantly buzzing with activity and excitement. From the beach to the mountains, from the museums to the theaters, Los Angeles had something for everyone.
And as they looked out at the city skyline from their new home, Max and Emily knew that they had made the right choice. They were proud to be part of the thriving real estate market in Los Angeles, and they were excited to see what the future held for them in their new home.
If you have a loved one who is an older adult, you may notice inconsistencies in the way he or she handles finances. Should you let it go, or is it better to step in to help? Torabi.com invites you to learn more about having this important conversation and make a plan for the future.
It can be difficult to make decisions for your older loved ones. If you notice the following warning signs, consider stepping in: • Having issues with memory, concentration, and staying on task when dealing with personal finances. • Experiencing low vision, physical health problems, and mental illness that gets in the way of being able to manage money consistently. • Showing signs of cognitive decline such as forgetting to open mail or making impulsive purchases when he or she was once frugal.
1. Have the Hard Conversation, Including Moving Into a Skilled Nursing Facility
There's no point in waiting to see if things will improve if you've noticed them getting worse over time. If you're dealing with an older parent, the Center for Mental Health and Aging suggests speaking to him or her and your immediate family to assess the situation and determine whether someone should take control of his or her finances.
You may discuss these topics with your family at the same time you're contemplating moving your senior loved one into a skilled nursing facility in Los Angeles. According to MemoryCare.com, these establishments can help with memory care and physical disabilities that need round-the-clock assistance. Be sure to investigate online reviews, pricing packages, and any pertinent investigations concerning the facility before you make your choice.
2. Consider Whether You Need Power of Attorney Do you need to sign papers, make healthcare decisions, or sell your loved one's home or business? You may need power of attorney. This legal title gives you the right to do many things in your loved one's name and act on his or her behalf.
3. Give Your Loved One as Much Control as Possible
If your loved one has trouble because of a physical disability but is cognitively fine, discuss each step together and include your loved one in the decision-making process. If he or she is showing signs of cognitive decline, take care to explain the situation as much as possible. If your loved one has just been diagnosed with Alzheimer's or a disease that involves memory problems, he or she may want you to take over sooner rather than later.
Use the severity of the situation to guide your choices. Your goals may range from ensuring that all the bills are paid to gaining the power of attorney to make all of the financial decisions for your loved one.
You're not trying to take away your loved one's right to his or her finances. You're simply trying to make sure that no unalterable mistakes are made. Give your loved one as much say in his or her life as possible — but don't wait until it's too late to step in if you know that he or she needs help.
By Danny Knight
Get a feel for how well they're taking care of themselves by seeing if they look clean. Ask if they're eating nutritious meals every day. Don't forget to inquire about what they've been eating. If they're supposed to be following a prescription diet and aren't, it may affect their health.
Discuss if they're struggling to keep their house clean and maintain the yard. While you're speaking to your loved one, ask how often they go out and socialize. It's unhealthy for your loved one to stay at home and not speak to other people. In fact, loneliness can affect your senior loved one's memory and increase their risk of chronic disease.
If they're having a difficult time, it's time for you to make the move.
Fortunately, finding a place is as simple as visiting a rental directory. You can narrow your choices down to homes in your desired area and budget to save time during your search. The price for a rental home in Los Angeles varies depending on the neighborhood, but expect to pay upwards of $4,000 for a two bedroom house.
When you’re ready to buy, contact LA Market Real Estate. Their licensed agents are experts in the Los Angeles area, and can help you to find the house of your dreams.
Before you hire, search for local contractors and compare them carefully. Prior to the meeting, discuss your needs to make sure they're tasks the landscaper can perform. It also helps to get a quote first. If price is a concern, research companies offering credits or deals at the moment.
By Sharon Wagner
Fortunately, you can experience a successful home remodel and stay sane by exercising a bit of flexibility, patience, and attention to detail. These torabi.com tips will help you lay the groundwork for a peaceful transformation!
Whether you’re gutting your bathroom or giving your kitchen a makeover, keeping a list of all your permanent home items is essential. For one, it comes in handy for organizing your valued assets for insurance purposes. But it also makes the decluttering process much easier. Go the extra mile by sub-dividing your belongings into piles to save, store, sell, or donate.
You also want to determine the best method of storing any items you need out of the way during the remodeling process. You might be surprised by how affordable a self-storage unit can be. And some storage centers provide deep discounts to first-time customers. You can currently score a 5x5 unit for $65 in Los Angeles, with the average price being $132.98. Keep researching storage in the Los Angeles area to find the best deal possible.
Moreover, determine the items you want nearby during the renovation. Perhaps you pare down your kitchenware and hand-wash them after using them each time. Maybe you could create a shower caddy for everyone in the family to keep their toiletries. And maybe you can keep your coffee maker handy so you can still have your daily cup of joe.
If you don’t have a home security system, now is the time to get one. If you have one, but it’s a little worse for wear, consider upgrading it before your home project begins.
You’ll probably have many different contractors, designers, and delivery personnel flowing in and out of your home, and you might not be home the entire time. Invest in a video doorbell to keep track of deliveries and smart locks that you can program to let contractors into your home during specific times of the day. You might also want to get a high-quality safe to keep your essential documents.
Many homeowners discover that a home warranty is well worth the investment. After you make renovations, consider purchasing a warranty that completely covers any appliances or home systems that stop working. Most warranties are annual renewable contracts covering a range of appliances and electrical, plumbing, heating, and cooling systems. If you’re not sure where to start, you can read reviews to find out about common home warranty issues.
While preparing is crucial, you won’t be able to predict every detail of your home renovation. Unexpected roadblocks are inevitable. The key is remaining flexible in your plans and making accommodations to manage stress.
For instance, you can carve out a special space for your pet if they’re going to be around workers when you’re not there. You could keep a drying rack in your bathroom to hang your dishes while contractors transform your kitchen. And you could drape plastic sheeting over any home items you don’t want to be covered in dust.
Home renovations can be stressful, but you can help things go smoothly by thoroughly preparing before your project begins. Remember to put some of your belongings in storage to make more room for your contractor, and consider investing in a home warranty for your home appliances and systems. Finally, look into the top home security systems on the market, and think of any potential inconveniences you can prepare your home and family for.
Are you looking for spectacular real estate services in Los Angeles? Visit Torabi.com today!
By: Danny Knight
But this ham-fisted strategy continues to land California’s largest real estate trade group in hot water.
This time, a three-judge panel reversed a district court’s previous dismissal of a lawsuit filed by The PLS.com, LLC (PLS) against the National Association of Realtors (NAR) in an April 2022 opinion.
PLS’s lawsuit claimed NAR, as a competitor in the listing network services market, conspired to take anticompetitive measures to prevent PLS from gaining a foothold in the market.
PLS operates a private multiple listing service (MLS) for exclusive listings (sometimes referred to as pocket listings) for sellers who do not want their personal information widely distributed. High profile clients are extra sensitive to sharing their home’s details or their identity on a large-scale platform such as NAR’s MLS, which requires such information.
See Full Commentary: NAR’s antitrust lawsuit returns as defensive attitudes persist
Purchase mortgage application volume decreased in the week ending June 3, 2022, down 18% from the prior week. This was also down 21% from a year earlier, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA).
These factors have produced the lowest level of mortgage loan application volume in 22 years — foreboding news for future home sales volume.
Further, even as fewer homebuyers and refinancers are applying for mortgages, lenders are granting fewer approvals. Called mortgage availability, this index declined for the third month in a row in May 2022 to 30% below pre-pandemic lending standards, according to the MBA. Wary of the financial fallout from rising interest rates and the impending recession, lenders are tightening their purse strings in advance of the coming storm.
See Full Commentary: The housing market tips as ARM share rises, mortgage applications plummet
44,500 new and resale home transactions closed escrow in California during March 2022. The number of homes sold in March was 12,700 more than the prior month but 2,700 fewer than a year earlier, amounting to a 6% year-over-year decrease. For reference, the rapid pace of sales experienced in California since 2020 began to taper off in the second half of 2021, continuing in 2022.
The steep annual sales volume rise that occurred earlier in 2021 was thanks to homebuyers taking advantage of low interest rates and stimulus boosts. Homebuyers were influenced by a fear of missing out (FOMO) on a low inventory of homes for sale. Historically low inventory continues in 2022. But as the effects of stimulus are now behind us and interest rates are increasing rapidly with the Federal Reserve’s (the Fed’s) bond taper, homebuyers have begun to ease off the gas and sales volume is slowing.
Along with a deep cut to home price potential, 2022’s rapidly rising interest rates are causing sales to stall. In response to a recent firsttuesday poll, 34% of readers report escrow cancelations due to the recent interest rate hike.
See Full Commentary: California home sales volume: the slow, agonizing death of buyer enthusiasm
California home prices are up a whopping 19% from a year earlier as of January 2022. At the same time, mortgage interest rates have surged in recent months. For example, the average 30-year fixed rate mortgage (FRM) rate has increased from 3.2% a year ago to 4.7% at the end of March 2022. The result for purchasing power has been devastating, with significantly less mortgage money available to today’s homebuyers due to interest rate increases alone.
Today’s record-smashing home prices and rapidly accelerating mortgage interest rates impact homebuyers from all backgrounds. But — absent a decrease in homebuyer demand — rising interest rates will push homeownership further out of reach for groups most reliant on mortgages.
This is especially true for homebuyer groups already at a disadvantage when it comes to achieving mortgage approval — specifically households of color — according to the JPMorgan Chase Institute.
Here in California, the mortgage application denial rate is:
. for white applicants;
. 10% for Asian applicants;
. 13% for Latinx applicants; and
. 16% for Black applicants, according to data collected through the 2020 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA).
The disparity in mortgage denial across race and ethnicity is clear. While systemic discrimination plays a part, the high mortgage denial rates for non-white and non-Asian households can be traced to many observable factors, including:
. down payment size;
. credit history;
. debt-to-income (DTI) ratios; and
. job security.
For example, the average U.S. Black mortgage applicant listed a 3.5% down payment, well below the 8.9% down payment from applicants averaged across all races, according to Zillow.
With less skin in the game, lower down payments translate to greater risk for the lender. Thus, low down payment mortgages are denied more often — and when they are originated, the interest rate tends to be higher to cover the lender’s (and mortgage servicer’s) higher risk of loss.
With interest rates already rising rapidly in 2022, homebuyers who were on the verge of rejection before will fall into the gap, unable to attain homeownership.
First-time homebuyers — who lack equity (cash) from a prior home sale — stand to lose the most from today’s rising interest rates. Those with access to down payment gifts will be the exception.
In fact, parental transfers of wealth, including down payment gifts, account for 30% of the Black-white homeownership gap, as found in a study by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). In the U.S., young white households are twice as likely to be homeowners as are young Black households.
Increasingly unable to access mortgage financing, the generational homeownership gap will continue for today’s would-be homebuyers.
But there are some steps real estate agents and brokers can take to help mortgaged homebuyers navigate today’s higher interest rate environment.
For example, there are special down payment programs for first-time homebuyers which can be found in local communities. Further, suggesting homebuyer clients check out their local credit unions rather than large banks can result in more mortgage options. All mortgaged homebuyers ought to apply with at least three lenders to ensure the best rate and terms.
When all else fails, it’s helpful to continue encouraging homebuyers to build up their down payments and continuing to check in with their progress over time.
Posted by Carrie B. Reyes First Tuesday
While you're tossing items, reduce the stress this causes your four-legged friend by putting all of his or her bedding and toys in one area and securing your dog in the space with baby gates. If that isn't enough to create calm, dedicate an entire room that your pet can use as a temporary home.
Next, stage your house to maximize its appeal. You can do this yourself, but hiring an expert may be the optimal alternative. Minor repairs might be necessary. Like with staging, they can be handled independently. However, locating a fix-it professional is often a wiser decision. A fresh coat of paint usually does wonders. Swap bold colors for a more neutral color palette. Think like a buyer and never neglect the importance of outside curb appeal.
Once you do pinpoint somewhere worth calling home, you must act fast before another buyer outbids you. Speed the process by getting preapproved for a mortgage. Doing this helps figure out how much you can comfortably borrow. The sooner you secure the perfect living arrangement, the quicker you and your pet can settle in together.
Last but not least, in terms of the actual move, do yourself a favor and hire professionals to get the job done. You’ll already have enough on your plate without trying to do it all by yourself. Simply search “ local moving companies near me ” and browse ratings and reviews, as well as request a quote in advance.
Before moving into your new space, pet-proof it by securing cabinets, as well as keeping harmful foods and substances out of reach. Also, inspect your home for any other potential dangers, like faulty electrical outlets or sharp corners. Gradually acclimate animal buddies to their new homes by introducing them to one living section at a time. Showing them where toys, food, and water are located gives them everything they need to start feeling at home.
Moving is a major stress factor for humans. Imagine how difficult it can be for pets. Be mindful of how transitioning to a new living situation can be made more pleasurable for everyone, both human and non-human. Ehsan Torabi is a Real Estate Analyst and Real Estate Broker focusing in Greater Los Angeles Areas serving special private clients such as you that are planning to buy or sell property in Greater Los Angeles Areas. Call 310.740.3737.
Post prepared by Cindy Aldridge.
A real estate salesperson is strictly an agent of the employing broker. Agents cannot contract in their own name or on behalf of anyone other than their employing broker. Thus, an agent cannot be employed by any person who is a member of the public. This is why an agent's license needs to be handed to the employing broker, who retains possession of the license until the agent leaves the employ of the broker.
Only when acting as a representative of the broker may the sales agent perform brokerage services which only the broker is authorized to contract for and provide to others, called clients.
Further, a sales agent may only receive compensation for the real estate related activities from the employing broker. An agent cannot receive compensation directly from anyone else, e.g., the seller or buyer, or another licensee.
Thus, brokers are the agents of the members of the public who employ them, while a broker's sales agents are the agents of the agent, the individuals who render services for the broker's clients by acting on behalf of the broker.
As a result, brokers are responsible for all the activities their agents carry out within the course and scope of their employment.
When a broker employs a sales agent to act on behalf of the broker, the broker is to exercise reasonable supervision over the activities performed by the agent. Brokers who do not actively supervise their agents risk having their licenses suspended or revoked by the DRE.
Here, the employing broker's responsibility to the public includes:
- on-the-job training for the agent in the procedures and practice of real estate brokerage; and
- continuous policing by the broker of the agent's compliance with the duties owed to buyers and sellers.
The sales agent's duties owed to the broker's clients and others in a transaction are equivalent to the duties owed them by the employing broker.
The duties owed to the various parties in a transaction by a broker, which may be carried out by a sales agent under the employing broker's supervision, oversight and management, include:
- the utmost care, integrity, honesty and loyalty in dealings with a client; and
- the use of skill, care, honesty, fair dealing and good faith in dealings with all parties to a transaction in the disclosure of information which adversely affects the value and desirability of the property involved.
Less obvious, but just as important, zoning can also pose a problem, for example, if a property is zoned for residential use and the buyer wishes to build a commercial building.
But what’s not visible to the naked eye (or even the county’s office) is the land’s most important characteristic: the soil.
Beyond whether or not a site has the ability to grow crops, the soil’s characteristics determine whether a home can even be built in that spot. Further, just because a neighboring lot has a home does not mean the lot in question is also safe to build on.
Soil is identified by its:
• texture;
• grade;
• color;
• permeability; and
• density.
The soil in your backyard is a mixture of clay and sand, as well as a smaller amount of silt (rock sediment). If it is majority clay, then it is considered clayey, and if it’s mostly sand with a little bit of clay, it’s considered sandy. If it is a mostly even mixture, your soil is loamy.
A soil’s grade is measured by the size of its grain. For instance, gravel has a very high grade, while clay has a lower grade. The lower the grade, the less permeable and less susceptible to movement the ground is.
Light-colored soil is more susceptible to erosion and has fewer nutrients. Darker soil is more nutrient rich and has a smaller erosion factor.
How permeable the soil is also affects the building site. For instance, soil with high permeability — meaning water passes through the soil rapidly — causes difficulty for septic systems. On the other hand, septic systems cannot operate in soil with very slow permeability, such as clay, which can also cause problems for foundations.
Before beginning construction, the builder will ensure the soil is compact, or dense enough to establish a foundation. Compaction is completed by basically smashing down the soil, reducing the space between grains.
Finally, land with a shallow soil depth will make it hard to establish a foundation, landscaping and a septic system. Generally, the higher the depth — the distance from the topsoil to the bedrock or the water table — the easier it is to build the home and its required support systems.
All of this soil science matters not just for building, but for safety, as California is susceptible to earthquakes.
Areas susceptible to liquefaction — called liquefaction zones — are found mostly in low-lying areas along the coast. In the Bay Area, the U.S. Geological Survey claims most of San Francisco’s residents live and work in a liquefaction zone.
Liquefaction can also occur on artificial landfill — common in urban areas — and other young deposits, such as those near streams and rivers.
A liquefaction zone is a type of seismic hazard. Thus, the presence of a liquefaction zone needs to be noted in the Natural Hazard Disclosure Statement, which is delivered by the seller or their agent to the buyer. The seller needs to disclose the presence of natural hazards, no matter the type of property. [CC §1103.1(b); see RPI Form 314]
For most situations, the term "property" means a physical or tangible thing. However, property can be more broadly defined, focusing on the rights which arise out of the object. Thus, property is referred to as a bundle of rights, which for the purposes of this material is real estate.
Further, property is anything which may be owned. In turn, ownership is the right to possess the property owned and use it to the exclusion of others. [Calif. Civil Code §654]
The right to possess and use property includes the rights to:
• occupy;
• sell or dispose;
• encumber; or
• lease.
Real estate is characterized as immovable, whereas personal property is movable. [CC §§659, 657]
Personal property is defined, by way of exclusion, as all property which is not classified as real estate. [CC §§658, 663]
While the distinction between real estate and personal property seems apparent at first glance, the difference is not always so clear.
For example, fee ownership may be conveyed to one person for life, and on their death, transferred by the fee owner to another. Time sharing is another example of the allocation of ownership by time, such as the exclusive right to occupy a space for only three weeks during the year.
Title to real estate may also be fractionalized by concurrently vesting title in the name of co-owners, such as tenants-in-common, who each hold an undivided (fractional) ownership interest in the real estate.
Possession to real estate may be cut out of the fee ownership and conveyed for a period of time. For instance, the fee owner of real estate acting as a landlord conveys possession of the property to a tenant under a lease agreement for a fixed term, called a tenancy. When the tenancy expires or is terminated, possession of the property reverts to the landlord. The landlord retains fee title to the real estate at all times, subject to the lease.
Possession may also be cut up by creating divided interests in a property, as opposed to undivided interests. For example, an owner may lease a portion of their property to a tenant. The tenant, in turn, may sublease a portion of their space to yet another person, known as a subtenant.
Other non-possessory interests in real estate may be created, such as liens. Liens are interests in real estate which secure payment or performance of a debt or other monetary obligation, such as a:
• trust deed lien; or
• local property tax lien.
On nonpayment of a lien amount, the lienholder may force the sale of the real estate to pay off and satisfy the lien.
Thus, an owner's rights in a parcel of real estate extend beyond the mere physical aspects of the land, airspace and improvements located within the legally described boundaries of the property.
Real estate includes buildings, fences, trees, watercourses and easements within a parcel's horizontal and vertical boundaries. Anything below the surface, such as water and minerals, or above the surface in the air space, such as crops and timber, is part of the real estate.
For example, the rental of a boat slip includes the water and the land below it, both of which comprise the total of the rented real estate. Thus, landlord/tenant law controls the rental of the slip. [Smith v. Municipal Court (1988) 202 CA3d 685]
In the case of a condominium unit, the air space enclosed within the walls is the real estate. The structure itself, land and air space outside the unit are the property of the association or all the owners of the separate parcels of air space within the condominium project, creating what is called a common interest development (CID). [CC §4125]
The legal, horizontal boundary description of real estate is documented in numerous locations, such as:
• deeds;
• public records of the county where the parcel is located;
• subdivision maps; and
• government surveys relating to the property.
Real estate is three-dimensional and reaches perpendicular to the horizontal boundary. In addition to the surface area between boundaries, the classic definition of real estate consists of the soil below to the core of the earth as well as the air space above to infinity.
All permanent structures, crops and timber within this inverse pyramid are also a part of the parcel of real estate. The three-dimensional aspect of real estate has its source in the English common law. [Calif Civil Code §659]
The first component of real estate is land. Land includes:
• soil;
• rocks;
• other materials of the earth; and
• the reasonable airspace above the earth. [Calif. Civil Code §659]
The soil and solid materials, such as ores and minerals, are considered land while they remain undisturbed as a part of the earth. For example, unmined gold dormant in the earth is real estate.
However, when the gold is mined, it becomes personal property since it is no longer embedded in the earth. The gold has been converted from something immovable - part of the rock below the soil - to something movable.
Minerals in the soil are severable from the earth. Also, fee ownership to the soil and minerals may be conveyed away from the ownership of the remainder of the land.
When ownership of minerals in a parcel of land is transferred, the transfer establishes two fee owners of the real estate located within the same legal description - an owner of the surface rights and an owner of the mineral rights beneath the surface.
These parties are not co-owners of the real estate, but individual owners of separate vertically-located portions of the same real estate. Both fee owners are entitled to reasonable use and access to their ownership interest in the real estate.
For example, an owner sells and conveys the right to extract minerals to a buyer. On conveyance, there now exists:
• a surface owner; and
• a mineral rights owner.
Later, the surface owner conveys the real estate to a developer. The developer subdivides the parcel of real estate and plans to construct homes on the lots.
The mineral rights owner objects to the construction, claiming the homes, if built, will interfere with their right to enter the property and remove their minerals.
Is the mineral rights owner entitled to enter the property to remove the minerals?
Yes! But only as necessary to use their mineral rights. The rights of the surface owner and the mineral rights owner are thus balanced to determine the precise surface location to be used to extract the minerals. [Callahan v. Martin (1935) 3 C2d 110]
The right to remove minerals from another's real estate is called a profit a prendre.